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One of the biggest areas of conflict after a lease is signed is the allocation of construction responsibility between the landlord and the tenant, but many of these problems are easily avoided by careful drafting and use of terminology at both the letter of intent and lease negotiation phases. Often, especially in the letter of intent, parties use terms that each thinks is perfectly clear, but actually mean different things to each of them. Below are some suggestions for how to handle these issues effectively.
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When a supervisor is identified in a lawsuit as the alleged harasser, the employer may still avoid liability, under certain circumstances, as long as the harassment did not result in a 'tangible employment action.' To this end, most, if not all, employers are intimately familiar with the U.S. Supreme Court's <i>Faragher</i> and <i>Ellerth</i> decisions issued in 1998. Yet during the past eight years since the decisions, employers have faced the brunt of scrutiny from courts evaluating the application of this affirmative defense.
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Like most government agencies, however, the EEOC faces significant obstacles. Its budget is rigorously scrutinized each year. Staffing is down and the backlog of individual discrimination charges is up. Concerned members of Congress have petitioned key House appropriators for funding increases to boost the organization's frontline staffing. In light of all of this, newly appointed EEOC chair Naomi Earp has her work cut out for her. As Earp succinctly stated, '[o]ur challenge in 2007 is to make the most effective and efficient use of agency resources.' In other words, the EEOC must get more bang for its buck to remain effective. Enter the agency's new Systemic Discrimination Initiative. This two-part article discusses how EEOC plans to implement the Initiative.
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The Work Letter (sometimes referred to as a 'Construction Agreement' or 'Work Agreement') is the portion of a lease, usually an exhibit, setting forth the provisions relating to the build-out of the tenant improvements to be made to the space leased. Often dealing with very large expenditures, the Work Letter is an extremely important part of the Lease. However, perhaps because of the varying types of build-outs, with differing parties responsible, it is a document that often breeds considerable confusion. This two-part article discusses the three common types of office space build-out arrangements to which landlords and tenants might agree, how they differ, and how those differences are to be addressed in drafting the Work Letter.
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Sometimes the hardest part of a leasing relationship is getting started ' establishing if there will be contingencies, when they will expire, when the space will be delivered, and when the rent will commence. Often the transition is smooth, and everything falls into place. In other situations, however, coordinating the requirements, obligations, and schedules of both landlord and tenant feels like an in-air refueling of a jetfighter.
Features
While all retail leases pose an array of issues to the landlords and tenants involved, retail leases relating to restaurants pose certain other issues that must be addressed in order to avoid surprise costs, liabilities, and delays. This article addresses several of those issues that relate to restaurant leases in a shopping center setting (either in a food court or as an outparcel location), including trash removal, pest and rodent control, parking, and exclusive uses.
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Employers of all sizes use third-party consumer reporting agencies to conduct background investigations such as credit, criminal, education and employment background checks. Such investigations are labor-intensive, costly and require specialized knowledge (especially if the employer has a multi-state presence). Therefore, a third-party vendor is the natural choice for outsourcing such a task. However, employers should beware that outsourcing the background check process does not automatically insulate the employer from liability when it relies on the information in a report. Using such third party reports places the employer squarely within the myriad of requirements under the Fair Credit Reporting Act ('FCRA'). 15 U.S.C. ' 1681.
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This article discusses the development of the <i>Fobian</i> rule and other courts' treatment of it. The article also summarizes the Supreme Court's reasoning in abrogating the rule in <i>Travelers Casualty & Surety Co. v. Pacific Gas & Electric Co. (In re Pacific Gas & Electric Co.)</i>, 549 U.S. ____, 127 S. Ct. 1199 (2007).
Features
Manufacturers and distributors use traditional stores and Internet sites to sell goods and services. But too often, when identical items are offered simultaneously through these channels, Internet price advertisements divert so much business from the traditional stores that those traditional outlets stop offering the items. MAP ('minimum advertised price') agreements, which prevent items from being advertised below some specified amount (the minimum advertised price), are often employed to maintain access to traditional and Internet sales channels.
Features
The Second Circuit recently ruled that, in the absence of specific Congressional legislation, owners of famous foreign trademarks must show use within the United States to avail themselves of the protections offered by American federal law. The Court of Appeals also certified questions to the district court as to whether New York common law protects a famous foreign trademark that only has been used in a foreign country. The case is an instructive overview of the law of trademark abandonment and the famous marks doctrine.