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Entertainment Law & Finance
Federal Appeals Courts Weight in On Accruals for Copyright Infringement vs. Ownership Claims
Stan Soocher
The U.S. Copyright Act states that a civil copyright action must be filed within three years of its accrual. How this applies to copyright infringement and to copyright ownership claims, including in the same case, isn’t always clear. But two recent federal appeals courts decisions have provided guidance on the differences in accrual for each of these copyright claims.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
9th Circuit Says Copyright Attorney Fees Available in Declaratory Suits
Scott Graham
A declaratory judgment action for copyright abandonment can give rise to fee shifting under the Copyright Act, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in a case of first impression.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Artificial Intelligence and Copyright: Ownership and Fair Use
Shaleen J. Patel and Sushmitha Rajeevan
Machine learning allows certain AI to create entirely new content based upon the materials it used to learn. In the process of creating new content, AI may create copies of copyrighted works in memory storage as a byproduct of its overall output sequence. This article explores authorship and ownership of such AI-generated content, and to what extent, if any, can copyrights be infringed upon when AI reproduces copyrighted works for machine learning.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
IP News
Howard Shire and Shaleen Patel
Article III Inter Partes Review Decision Precluded By Congress, SCOTUS Rules
SDNY: Video Game Makers Not Violating Copyright with NBA Player Tattoos
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Supreme Court Rules States Cannot Be Involuntarily Liable for Copyright Infringement
Shaleen J. Patel
The U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that individual states are free to commit copyright infringement. The Court held that Congress attempted to abrogate states’ sovereign immunity in an unconstitutional manner when enacting the Copyright Remedy Clarification Act of 1990 (CRCA).
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Defending Suits Brought By Copyright Trolls
Nancy J. Mertzel
An overview of copyright troll litigation and explores potential litigation strategies for responding to troll cases.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Bit Parts
Stan Soocher
Copyright Termination Claims Found Timely, But Loan-Out Companies Can’t Terminate Copyright Assignments
Judge Unhappy With Damon Dash’s Trial Behavior
New York Federal Court Sees No Copyright Infringement or False Endorsement in Use of Mural in Film
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Swedish Music Industry Views: Part Two
Stan Soocher
Part Two of a Two Part Article
This article discusses, among other things, the Swedish music industry perspective on the European Union’s Copyright Directive, the growth of multi-country music licensing hubs and the impact of Brexit.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Kozinski Angle In 9th Circuit’s Led Zeppelin Ruling
Scott Graham
Defendants Led Zeppelin and its music labels were the winners in the copyright decision by the Ninth Circuit over the song “Stairway to Heaven.” But the estate of songwriter Randy Wolfe (p/k/a California) wasn’t the only one who got the short end. Among the collateral damage from the ruling was a 2002 precedent written by former Chief Judge Alex Kozinski that endorsed the so-called “inverse-ratio” rule.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
IP News
Shaleen J. Patel
VARA Lives On: A $6.75M Lesson on Respecting Moral Rights
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Entertainment Law & Finance
“Potentially Monumental” Ninth Circuit En Banc Decision in Infringement Case Over Led Zeppelin’s “Stairway to Heaven”
Robert W. Clarida and Robert J. Bernstein
For the past five years, the copyright bar and the music industry have carefully followed the many twists and turns of the potentially monumental infringement case that asserted that the opening of the iconic Led Zeppelin song “Stairway to Heaven” was copied from the introduction of a little-known 1967 instrumental “Taurus,” written by the late Randy California. In March 2020, a unanimous en banc panel of the entire Ninth Circuit affirmed portions of a prior three-judge appellate ruling that “Stairway” did not infringe the Spirit song — and in the process resolved some thorny issues involving substantial similarity and copyright scope that will be important for future litigants
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Kozinski Angle In 9th Circuit’s Led Zeppelin Ruling
Scott Graham
Defendants Led Zeppelin and its music labels were the winners in the copyright decision by the Ninth Circuit over the song “Stairway to Heaven.” But the estate of songwriter Randy Wolfe (p/k/a California) wasn’t the only one who got the short end. Among the collateral damage from the ruling was a 2002 precedent written by former Chief Judge Alex Kozinski that endorsed the so-called “inverse-ratio” rule.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
CASE Act Explained
Ryan W. Morris
The Copyright Alternative in Small Claims Enforcement Act is a proposed congressional amendment to the current copyright statute that would create an alternative dispute resolution program for copyright small claims and other legal proceedings.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
A Primer on Rights in Video Game Avatars
Andrea Perez
Recent lawsuits have grappled with the fair use of one’s likeness in video games, attempting to apply established order to a changing field.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Bit Parts
Stan Soocher
Los Angeles Federal Judge Tosses Out Jury’s Infringement Verdict Against Katy Perry in “Dark Horse” Song Case
Sales Agreement for Film Assets of Distributor in Bankruptcy Doesn’t Affect Separate Lender for One of Debtor’s Movies
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Swedish Music Industry Views as European Union Countries Work on Drafting Home Laws for Enacting EU Copyright Directive
Stan Soocher
This article is Part One of a two-part article
This article examines the Copyright Directive and music-industry structure issues through the lens of Sweden, which has both a robust music business and a strong technology sector, two divergent perspectives in the development of the directive.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Exercising the Extraterritorial Limitation on U.S. Copyright Law
Robert J. Bernstein and Robert W. Clarida
A necessary element of secondary liability claims is an underlying infringement of U.S. copyright law by a third party. If the activities abroad are not subject to the law, the predicate direct infringement required for the imposition of secondary liability cannot be established.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
‘Vanicorn’ Lawsuit Filed over Pixar, Disney Film
Scott Graham
A unicorn-loving tattoo artist alleges that Pixar and Disney have tricked her into letting them use her “Vanicorn” in the upcoming film Onward. Her suit accuses the companies of copyright infringement, and violations of state and federal laws protecting artwork.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
When Are Short Phrases in Songs Protectable?
Robert W. Clarida and Robert J. Bernstein
It’s a common fact pattern: A songwriter alleges that another songwriter has infringed the lyrics of Song A by using a similar short phrase, frequently a current slang phrase, in the lyrics of Song B. Claims like this do not often succeed because “words and short phrases such as names, titles, and slogans” are “not subject to copyright.”
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Entertainment Law & Finance
How Judges Are Interpreting Supreme Court’s Copyright ‘Registration’ Ruling
Stan Soocher
In Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com LLC, the U.S. Supreme Court held that, under 17 U.S.C. §411(a), “registration occurs, and a copyright claimant may commence an infringement suit, when the Copyright Office registers a copyright” — that is, acts on a registration application, rather than when an applicant delivers the registration materials to the Copyright Office.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Challenges to Evidence of Copyright Ownership
Stan Soocher
There has been a long-term debate over whether sound recordings can be copyright works made for hire. Sound recordings don’t appear in the list of works for hire set out in §101 of the Copyright Act of 1976, though record labels argue recordings can be deemed so as a “compilation” or a “contribution to a collective work,” per §101.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Players on the Move
Dan Clark
Copyright Office General Counsel Moves to MPAA
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Supreme Court, Finally, Takes Up Google v. Oracle
Scott Graham
The U.S. Supreme Court has jumped into a titanic copyright battle between Oracle Corp. and Google LLC with both barrels. The court’s involvement is sure to reignite a 50-year-old debate over how much, if any, software should be subject to copyright, and the contours of the fair use defense in the digital age.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Photo Cases Test Copyright Law and Embedded Tweets
Raychel Lean
A New Yorker who settled a copyright lawsuit against several news outlets over a photo he took of star quarterback Tom Brady and Boston Celtics manager Danny Ainge has struck again. This time he’s suing a radio station owner in Florida federal courts in a case that could test the boundaries of an emerging area of copyright law, raising major questions about how media companies incorporate social media posts into online stories.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Filers Beware: No Expedited Discovery in Copyright Suits
Charles Toutant
Litigation tactics employed by frequent filers of copyright infringement suits may face heavy criticism in light of a recent ruling by a federal judge in New Jersey.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Sparks From En Banc Arguments In Song Suit Against Led Zeppelin
Scott Graham
There was much harmony along with a few discordant notes as an en banc panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit took up the copyright case involving Led Zeppelin’s “Stairway to Heaven.”
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Fourth Circuit Rules that Website’s Unauthorized Posting of Stock Photograph Was Not ‘Fair Use’
Michael W. Mitchell and Edward Roche
The decision in Brammer v. Violent Hues sheds some light on when re-posting will be a “fair use” and when it will give rise to liability.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Analysis of Warhol Art Fair Use Ruling
Robert W. Clarida and Robert J. Bernstein
The U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York held that a series of silkscreen paintings and prints by Andy Warhol based on a photograph of music legend Prince taken by Lynn Goldsmith constituted a transformative fair use.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
9th Circuit Says End Steinbeck Copyright Fight
Alaina Lancaster
In a nearly half-century-long legal dispute over the rights to John Steinbeck’s works, the Ninth Circuit affirmed a district court‘s $5 million compensatory damages award against the author’s daughter-in-law but vacated punitive damages against the heir.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Seeing Green: Protecting Brands In the Cannabis Industry
David S. Gold
Branding is not a new concept, nor are the various intellectual property laws that protect brands. What is new to most is how this burgeoning industry can take advantage of those laws within the context of state and federal restrictions.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
The Interaction of International Law and U.S. Copyright–Assignment Terminations
Stan Soocher
That U.S. copyright-assignment termination issues are among the most complex in the copyright field becomes even more apparent when attempts to reclaim copyrights involve aspects of international law. Few courts have ruled, however, on the impact of international law on U.S. copyright-assignment terminations. The most recent to do so is the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in Ennio Morricone Music Inc. v. Bixio Music Group Ltd.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
What’s Behind the U.S. Justice Department’s Latest Review of PRO Consent Decrees
Karen Hoffman Lent and Kenneth Schwartz
In June, the DOJ announced its plans to review the two music-licensing antitrust consent decrees that have been in place, in some shape or form, for almost 80 years. Due to this newly initiated review, the competitive mechanisms that dictate how music is broadcast, streamed or played live could drastically change.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Third Circuit Clarifies View on Copyright Ownership, Injunctive Relief
Charles Toutant
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit tossed out an injunction against sales of a book by Commerce Bank founder Vernon Hill II even after finding that the work infringed on a manuscript copyright owned by TD Bank.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Photographs on the Internet: Circuit Courts Examine Copyright Infringement
Kyle-Beth Hilfer
Two recent circuit court cases clarified copyright infringement of photographs on the Internet. Both cases serve as cautionary tales for those who takes photographs for their websites from the Internet without investigating copyright rights.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
IP News
Howard Shire and Christine Weller
Mercedes Benz USA LLC v. Bombardier
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Hey! That’s My Move!
Erin Hennessy, Annie Allison and Logan Kotler
Copyright, Fortnite and the Ability to Protect How You Shake Your Groove Thing
The U.S. Supreme Court just crashed the copyright world’s latest dance party — stepping on the toes of a soiree of copyright infringement lawsuits against videogame developer Epic Games, the creator of Fortnite.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
High Court’s View of ‘Full Costs’ in Copyright Litigation
Scott Graham
A unanimous U.S. Supreme Court, led by Justice Brett Kavanaugh, held that the phrase “full costs” in §505 of the Copyright Act means all of the costs specifically enumerated in the general cost-shifting statutes, such as transcripts and fees for court-appointed experts and interpreters.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
U.S. Supreme Court’s Ruling on Copyright Registration
Robert J. Bernstein and Robert W. Clarida
The Supreme Court had granted cert in Fourth Estate to resolve a split in the federal circuit courts as to whether §411(a) of the Copyright Act could be read to allow commencement of an infringement action once a registration application filed with the Copyright Office is complete (the “application approach”) or, instead, only (subject to limited statutorily specified exceptions) upon issuance by the Copyright Office of the registration (the “registration approach”).
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
The Supreme Court Finally Resolves An Old, Vexing Question: Does “Registration” Mean “Registration”? Answer: “Yes.”
James A. Trigg and Bethany R. Nelson
In Fourth Estate Pub. Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com, LLC, the Supreme Court resolved a circuit split decades in the making by holding that a copyright is not “registered” within the meaning of the Copyright Act unless and until a registration certificate actually has issued.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
Monopolizing the Disruptive
Arthur Beeman
The Federal Circuit’s Threat to Software Innovation in the Oracle v. GoogleDecisions<
The Federal Circuit decisions in the Oracle v. Google copyright case rattled Silicon Valley not simply because the decisions upended software developers’ understandings of copyright law, but also because the decisions do not comport with the disruptive ethos of the technology industry.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
IP News
Christine E. Weller
In celebration of International Women’s Day two years ago, State Street Global Advisors unveiled Fearless Girl at Bowling Green in the Financial District in Manhattan. Commissioned by State Street from the artist Kristen Visbal, the work has since become a part of the zeitgeist amidst global conversations about gender parity, diversity, and inclusion on a broader scale. Now, some two years later, Fearless Girl is raising additional intellectual property questions.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
25 Years After: Campbell v. Acuff-Rose and the State of Copyright Fair-Use Controversies
Stan Soocher
On March 7, 1994, the U.S. Supreme Court decided for the first time that a parody may be a copyright fair use. In the 25 years that followed, the High Court’s unanimous 9-0 ruling in Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Inc., has been cited in more than 500 court decisions. But the Supreme Court’s pronouncement left questions and controversies in its wake.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Second Circuit Affirms ‘ReDigi’: No ‘Resale’ of Digital Music Files
Robert J. Bernstein and Robert W. Clarida
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit recently issued a long-awaited ruling in Capitol Records LLC v. ReDigi Inc., affirming summary judgment in favor of Capitol Records and its record label co-plaintiffs in a case that raised issues of first impression concerning first sale and fair use in the age of digital music distribution.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
UMG v. Grande Communications: Another Victory for the Music Industry in Its Battle to Hold ISPs Liable for Peer-to-Peer File Sharing
J. Alexander Lawrence
Since the advent of the Internet, the music industry has been in a pitched battle to combat online piracy. Initially, the industry focused on shutting down services that offered peer-to-peer or other similar platforms, such as Napster, Aimster and Grokster. For a time, the industry also focused on filing claims against individual infringers to dissuade others from engaging similar conduct. In recent years, the industry seems to have shifted focus toward Internet Service Providers.
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The Intellectual Property Strategist
IP News
Howard Shire and Christine Weller
Kapoor v. National Rifle Association of America
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Perfecting Film Financiers’ Liens in Copyrights
Bruce Goldner
The law on how to perfect a lien in a copyright application is foggy at best. This article sketches out pitfalls of the current process for perfecting a lien on a copyright application, and potential steps that a financier may take to help perfect and protect a film investment.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Decision of Note: 6th Cir. Says No ‘Magic Words’ to ‘Elect’ Copyright Statutory Damages
Stan Soocher
The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit decided that §504 of the U.S. Copyright Act doesn’t require any “magic words incantation” for a copyright infringement plaintiff to choose a statutory damages award, that “[t]he word ‘elect’ does not by itself require formal procedures.”
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Entertainment Law & Finance
SCOTUS Hears Arguments on Copyright Registration Approvals
Scott Graham
While hearing January 2019 oral arguments before it, the U.S. Supreme Court sounded inclined to resolve a circuit courts’ split over copyright registration procedures against copyright holders.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
Making Sense of YouTube’s Monetization Policies
Gwendolyn Seale
This article delves into YouTube’s policies for channel monetization, explores the different streams of revenue an artist or creator may be entitled to receive for their works, and offer suggestions to indie creators and more established creators, so they can meet these new thresholds.
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Entertainment Law & Finance
How Will the Music Modernization Act’s Mechanical Licensing Collective Work?
Chris Castle
This article focuses on managing change for clients affected by the MMA’s government-mandated mechanical licensing collective. In my view, far from putting songwriters on a trajectory away from the government regulation that has oppressed them for generations, the collective imposes an entirely new bureaucracy with potentially significant costs that are not readily apparent.
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