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Government plays a critical role in the design of some free markets and in the operation of many. The recent energy debacle in California resulted in part from defective governmental design of California's markets for wholesale and retail electricity. Even where markets are shaped largely by private-sector activity, government often has a critical role in influencing the incentives that guide conduct in those markets. In particular, law enforcement agencies, especially regulatory agencies, have a critical responsibility for the proper functioning of competitive markets within their jurisdiction — the responsibility to elaborate and enforce applicable laws so as to constrain market forces from driving participants into socially undesirable conduct.
As a Stanford Business School professor has put it: “The main way the government sets the rules of the market game is by writing laws and maintaining the machinery to enforce them. Laws are needed to guard against theft and fraud, to define and protect property rights, and to support contracting … Regulation sometimes is needed to supplement the courts – usually not direct regulation of firms' day-to-day activities but oversight to ensure markets are doing what they are supposed to do.” John McMillan, Reinventing the Bazaar: A Natural History of Markets 175 (2002).
The parameters set forth in the DOJ's memorandum have implications not only for the government's evaluation of compliance programs in the context of criminal charging decisions, but also for how defense counsel structure their conference-room advocacy seeking declinations or lesser sanctions in both criminal and civil investigations.
The DOJ's Criminal Division issued three declinations since the issuance of the revised CEP a year ago. Review of these cases gives insight into DOJ's implementation of the new policy in practice.
This article discusses the practical and policy reasons for the use of DPAs and NPAs in white-collar criminal investigations, and considers the NDAA's new reporting provision and its relationship with other efforts to enhance transparency in DOJ decision-making.
There is no efficient market for the sale of bankruptcy assets. Inefficient markets yield a transactional drag, potentially dampening the ability of debtors and trustees to maximize value for creditors. This article identifies ways in which investors may more easily discover bankruptcy asset sales.
Active reading comprises many daily tasks lawyers engage in, including highlighting, annotating, note taking, comparing and searching texts. It demands more than flipping or turning pages.