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On-Sale Bar By Upgrade? An Invention May Be Put On-Sale By a Contract Made Before the Date of Invention
A straightforward reading of the existing on-sale bar law suggests that companies and inventors, particularly in the software industry, may be unwittingly putting their inventions on sale by agreeing to deliver future improvements or versions of their product to their customers. This is a consequence of the initially counterintuitive principle that an invention may be put on sale by a contract or offer made before the invention even exists. This principle will often apply in the context of 'upgrade' contracts, where a seller contracts, at the time of a sale, to provide future 'upgrades' to a product. In that situation, the seller's pre-existing obligation to provide the invention as an 'upgrade' can put the invention on sale, even though the obligation arose before the invention was conceived.
The Supreme Court's decision in Pfaff v. Wells Electronics established a now-familiar two-part test for the on-sale bar: 'the on-sale bar applies when two conditions are satisfied before the critical date. First, the product must be the subject of a commercial offer for sale. . . . Second, the invention must be ready for patenting.' Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, 525 U.S. 55, 67 (1998). Though the Supreme Court did not say so expressly, it is clear that to invalidate a claim, the subject matter that is 'on sale' must anticipate or render obvious the claimed invention. In other words, the subject matter that is sold or offered is the prior art that is compared to the patent claims to determine validity.
The DOJ's Corporate Enforcement Policy: One Year Later
The DOJ's Criminal Division issued three declinations since the issuance of the revised CEP a year ago. Review of these cases gives insight into DOJ's implementation of the new policy in practice.
The DOJ's New Parameters for Evaluating Corporate Compliance Programs
The parameters set forth in the DOJ's memorandum have implications not only for the government's evaluation of compliance programs in the context of criminal charging decisions, but also for how defense counsel structure their conference-room advocacy seeking declinations or lesser sanctions in both criminal and civil investigations.
Use of Deferred Prosecution Agreements In White Collar Investigations
This article discusses the practical and policy reasons for the use of DPAs and NPAs in white-collar criminal investigations, and considers the NDAA's new reporting provision and its relationship with other efforts to enhance transparency in DOJ decision-making.
Bankruptcy Sales: Finding a Diamond In the Rough
There is no efficient market for the sale of bankruptcy assets. Inefficient markets yield a transactional drag, potentially dampening the ability of debtors and trustees to maximize value for creditors. This article identifies ways in which investors may more easily discover bankruptcy asset sales.
A Lawyer's System for Active Reading
Active reading comprises many daily tasks lawyers engage in, including highlighting, annotating, note taking, comparing and searching texts. It demands more than flipping or turning pages.