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Small Entity Status: Potential Pitfalls and Curative Measures

By Paul A. Ragusa

In 1980, Congress amended the patent code to require patent owners to pay periodic maintenance fees in order to keep their patents in force. In response to concerns about the financial impact on individual inventors and small businesses, a 'small entity' category was added to the law to permit certain individuals, nonprofit organizations, and small businesses to pay half of most normal U.S. Patent and Trademark Office ('PTO') fees.

However, under the governing small entity regulations, when a small entity licenses or transfers some or all of its rights in the patent to an entity that does not qualify for small entity status, the patent is no longer subject to the small entity discount, and full non-discounted fees must be paid. Unfortunately, this change in status is not always recognized, leading to the erroneous payment of issue or maintenance fees at the discounted rate. Can such an erroneous payment support a defense in a patent infringement suit, such as inequitable conduct, patent expiration for failure to pay the proper fees, or intervening rights? These and other issues are addressed below.

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