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The Time-Money Continuum

By Paul A. Rose and Amanda M. Leffler
March 31, 2009

Everyone has heard that time is money, but it may be that no industry understands this concept as well or as thoroughly as the insurance industry. To be profitable, annuities must be sold at a price that, given expected investment performance on the premiums, will more than sustain the income streams promised in the annuity contracts. Life insurance premiums must, given the investment performance expected on the premiums and the mortality experience expected for the pool of insured persons, more than support the expected payments to beneficiaries. Liability and casualty insurance premiums must, given the investment performance expected on the premiums, be more than adequate to pay expected claims. The “more than” concept in all these examples is the key to the profitability of these products for insurers. In short, insurance involves a lot of math.

Insurance companies, accordingly, employ large numbers of accountants, actuaries, economists and others with mathematical training, and they understand the time-money continuum in the way that theoretical physicists understand the interchangeability of time and space. Insurers also understand that, consistent with the very nature of insurance, claims are inevitable. Although the impact of time on money is fundamental to the operation and viability of the insurance industry, and although the inevitability of claims is a given in the industry, it is not always evident that insurers appropriately account to their policyholders for the time value of money when valuing and paying casualty or liability claims, or that policyholders insist that they do so.

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