Tax Crimes: Has the Bright Line Moved?
The authors are longtime members of the ABA Section of Taxation Civil and Criminal Tax Penalties Committee. Their thrice-annual Saturday morning meetings used to involve continuing education only among lawyers joined by the common bond of representing clients who were not just aggressive in their tax affairs but who really cheated (or at least were thought to have by the government). For the past few years, though, their sessions have been packed with practitioners who never before cared much about developments in the world of criminal tax law. Here's why.
Qui Tam Claims and Derivative Actions
'Parallel proceedings' is a term with which white-collar criminal defense lawyers and in-house counsel are very familiar. It describes the private civil actions that often are concurrently filed when a criminal investigation or charges are disclosed. The civil impact of criminal investigations and prosecutions begin and continue long after resolution of the criminal case. Indeed, once the corporation's alleged fraudulent actions or resulting settlement become public knowledge, often it is only a matter of time before an action is filed against its officers and directors.
The Evolving Rules Governing the Use of Investigators
Most attorneys involved in the investigation or defense of complex business crimes will turn to private investigators to assist them in developing the facts. Given the breadth and nature of many modern criminal investigations, the use of private investigators is almost becoming a necessity. Yet many basic rules governing their use are unclear or in flux, especially when it comes to monitoring or gathering electronic information.
Challenging the Federal Sentencing Guidelines on Policy Grounds
The federal Sentencing Guidelines can lead to 'patently absurd' punishments in white-collar cases. United States v. Adelson, 441 F. Supp. 2d 506, 515 (S.D.N.Y. 2006) (Rakoff, J.). But judicial discretion in sentencing, strongly reaffirmed by the Supreme Court in Kimbrough v. United States, No. 06-6330 (Dec. 10, 2007), and Gall v. United States, No. 06-7949 (Dec. 10, 2007), has opened an important avenue for advocacy in business crime cases.
Energy Markets Face Expanded Enforcement
The Energy Policy Act of 2005 (EPACT) gave FERC the authority to assess penalties under the Natural Gas Act and Federal Power Act of up to $ 1 million per day per violation. FERC has expanded its Office of Enforcement, called for heightened industry compliance programs and self-disclosure of misconduct, and is newly focused on enforcement rather than on traditional ratemaking. Two years into the EPACT era, FERC has used its newly acquired authority vigorously.
House Passes Attorney-Client Privilege Bill
The proposed Attorney-Client Privilege Protection Act of 2007 would prohibit the Justice Department and other federal agencies from: 1) demanding, requesting, or conditioning the treatment of a private party on the disclosure of communications protected by the attorney-client privilege or as attorney work product; and 2) taking into account when making any civil or criminal charging decision as to an organization or a person affiliated with it: a) any valid assertion of the attorney-client privilege or work-product protection; b) payment for attorneys' fees for an employee of the organization; c) a joint-defense or common-interest agreement between the organization and one of its employees; d) the sharing of information between the organization and one of its employees; or e) the organization's failure to take action adverse to an employee who has refused to cooperate with the government.
