'The Defense Calls ... the Defendant'
February 06, 2004
Most criminal defendants are advised against testifying at trial, but white-collar defendants usually must testify. Since state of mind is a key element in many business crimes, often the most important issue is what the defendant intended in taking (or failing to take) a specific action. The defendant's best hope may be to look jurors in the eye and convince them of his or her innocent state of mind. Besides, jurors tend to think that anyone wrongly accused would take the stand to proclaim his or her innocence.
Foreign-Tax Evasion As Mail and Wire Fraud
February 06, 2004
With deficits plaguing the federal budget, prosecutors might be expected to concentrate their efforts on enforcing U.S. tax laws. Yet federal prosecutors have recently brought charges under the mail and wire fraud statutes (18 U.S.C. '' 1341, 1343) in cases involving the evasion of foreign taxes. Foreign governments themselves have brought civil suits under the RICO statute (18 U.S.C. ''1961 et seq.), on the theory that the evasion of foreign taxes constitutes a predicate act of mail or wire fraud. The courts have split on whether this works. Generally, RICO claims by foreign governments have failed. Criminal prosecutions for fraud and money laundering have been upheld by the Second and Fourth Circuits, but rejected by the First Circuit. The issue may soon reach the Supreme Court.
Cooperation, Confidentiality and Waiver: Is There a Solution?
February 06, 2004
Much has been written, in this newsletter and elsewhere, about the dilemma faced by corporations that want to cooperate with a government investigation by acceding to government "requests" for information protected by the attorney-client and work product privileges, while at the same time attempting to protect the otherwise privileged information from disclosure to the litigious world at large. Recent turf battles between federal and state prosecutors and regulators have only made more difficult any attempt to resolve the tension between two perceived needs: to cooperate, and to preserve confidentiality.
Beware of the Boilerplate Introduction
February 01, 2004
Many franchise agreements begin with an introductory paragraph, a "witnesseth" statement or various recitals that tout the virtues of the franchisor's business or systems. These introductory statements might state that the franchisor has "developed a proven system," "developed and perfected a system," or "developed a uniform system" for operating a particular type of business. The introductory statements also might highlight the success, reputation, or positive image of the franchisor's business systems.
The Threat from Within: California Employees Become Labor Code Enforcers
February 01, 2004
On Oct. 12, 2003, then-California Gov. Gray Davis signed Senate Bill 796 into law and created a new private right of action for California employees to enforce most provisions of the Labor Code (with the exception of certain workers' compensation provisions). S.B. 796 will likely have significant implications for all California employers, both for franchisors with either company-owned or franchised units in California, and franchisees operating in the state.
An E. Coli Outbreak At a Chain Restaurant: A Case Study on How Easily Legal Liability Can Spread to a Franchisor
February 01, 2004
In early January 1993, the American public was introduced to a deadly pathogen that has remained in the news ever since: <i>E. Coli</i> O157:H7. Hundreds of people were injured and four children died in what is still referred to as the Jack in the Box outbreak, even though a primary cause of the outbreak was adulterated hamburger patties manufactured and sold to the restaurant chain by one of its longtime suppliers.
Helping a Client Select an e-Billing System
February 01, 2004
Law firms have a legitimate interest in encouraging clients to select and implement e-billing software that is cost-neutral or, preferably, advantageous to the firm. While many factors contribute to a mutually profitable e-billing setup, your research and potential advice to the client should cover at least these basics.
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