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Q: Is a licensing board an employer under federal discrimination law where it is empowered to preclude or limit employment opportunities for covered employees?
No. Courts in the Second Circuit have generally rejected claims against governmental licensing bodies on the grounds that they are not employers or employment agencies under federal discrimination laws. 'Thus, although the granting or withholding of a license affects the employment prospects of a would-be licensee, in most cases this has not made the licensing body an employer who can be liable under Title VII, the ADA or the ADEA.' Bonbay v. New York City Taxi & Limousine Commission, 2003 WL 21649453 (S.D.N.Y. 7/14/03)
The parameters set forth in the DOJ's memorandum have implications not only for the government's evaluation of compliance programs in the context of criminal charging decisions, but also for how defense counsel structure their conference-room advocacy seeking declinations or lesser sanctions in both criminal and civil investigations.
The DOJ's Criminal Division issued three declinations since the issuance of the revised CEP a year ago. Review of these cases gives insight into DOJ's implementation of the new policy in practice.
This article discusses the practical and policy reasons for the use of DPAs and NPAs in white-collar criminal investigations, and considers the NDAA's new reporting provision and its relationship with other efforts to enhance transparency in DOJ decision-making.
There is no efficient market for the sale of bankruptcy assets. Inefficient markets yield a transactional drag, potentially dampening the ability of debtors and trustees to maximize value for creditors. This article identifies ways in which investors may more easily discover bankruptcy asset sales.
The Second Circuit affirmed the lower courts' judgment that a "transfer made … in connection with a securities contract … by a qualifying financial institution" was entitled "to the protection of ... §546 (e)'s safe harbor ...."