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Supreme Court Rules Defendant Does Not Bear Burden to Prove Absence of Confusion in Fair Use Cases
On Dec. 8, 2004, the Supreme Court held that it is not a defendant's burden to negate a finding of consumer confusion when raising a “fair use” affirmative defense. In KP Permanent Make-Up, Inc. v. Lasting Impression I, Inc., No. 03-409, 2004 WL 2804921 (2004), the Court vacated a decision of the Ninth Circuit, which held that the Central District of California committed error when it concluded that KP had made out a fair use defense without addressing whether there was possible consumer confusion. The Ninth Circuit's ruling established a conflict with a Second Circuit decision, setting the stage for Supreme Court review.
The DOJ's Criminal Division issued three declinations since the issuance of the revised CEP a year ago. Review of these cases gives insight into DOJ's implementation of the new policy in practice.
The parameters set forth in the DOJ's memorandum have implications not only for the government's evaluation of compliance programs in the context of criminal charging decisions, but also for how defense counsel structure their conference-room advocacy seeking declinations or lesser sanctions in both criminal and civil investigations.
This article discusses the practical and policy reasons for the use of DPAs and NPAs in white-collar criminal investigations, and considers the NDAA's new reporting provision and its relationship with other efforts to enhance transparency in DOJ decision-making.
Active reading comprises many daily tasks lawyers engage in, including highlighting, annotating, note taking, comparing and searching texts. It demands more than flipping or turning pages.
There is no efficient market for the sale of bankruptcy assets. Inefficient markets yield a transactional drag, potentially dampening the ability of debtors and trustees to maximize value for creditors. This article identifies ways in which investors may more easily discover bankruptcy asset sales.