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Post-Petition Enforcement Against the Seller of Contracts for the Sale of Goods
Generally speaking, after a bankruptcy filing, executory contracts are not enforceable against a debtor that has not yet assumed the contract. N.L.R.B. v. Bildisco and Bildisco, 465 U.S. 513, 531 (1984). However, the reverse is not true. During the pre-assumption period the non-debtor party to the contract is presumed to be obligated to perform in accordance with a contract. Howard C. Buschman III, Benefits and Burdens: Post-Petition Performance of Unas-sumed Executory Contracts, 5 Bankr. Dev. J. 341, 346, 359 (1988); Univ. Med. Ctr. v. Sullivan (In re Univ. Med. Ctr.), 973 F.2d 1065, 1075 (3d Cir. 1992); McLean Indus., Inc. v. Med. Lab. Automation, Inc. (In re McLean Indus., Inc.), 96 B.R. 440, 449 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 1989). Of course, a debtor who elects to receive the benefits of a contract while deciding whether to assume or reject the contract is expected to pay for the value of the goods and services received in accordance with the contract. As the Supreme Court noted in Bildisco, 465 U.S. at 531, 'If the debtor-in-possession elects to continue to receive benefits from the other party to an executory contract pending a decision to reject or assume the contract, the debtor-in-possession is obligated to pay for the reasonable value of those services … ' See also Schokbeton Indus., Inc. v. Schokbeton Prods. Corp. (In re Schokbeton Indus., Inc.), 466 F.2d 171, 175 (5th Cir. 1972).
There are some limitations, however, on the ability of the debtor in possession to obtain the benefit of a contract after bankruptcy but prior to assumption. Section 365(b)(4) of the Bankruptcy Code, for example, excuses a landlord from providing services and supplies incidental to the lease when there has been a nonmonetary default under the lease, unless the landlord is compensated for the services or supplies. 11 U.S.C. '365(b)(4). With re-spect to nonresidential realty leases, the debtor in possession must pay the full rent as it accrues post-petition, prior to assumption, even if the premises are not used or occupied. 11 U.S.C. '365(d)(3); Cukierman v. Uecker (In re Cukierman), 265 F.3d 846, 850 (9th Cir. 2001) ('We have held that claims arising under '365(d)(3) are entitled to administrative priority even when they may exceed the reasonable value of the debtor's actual use of the property'); In re Curry Printers, Inc., 135 B.R. 564 (Bankr. N.D. Ind. 1991) (requiring lease payments regardless of actual usage).
With a contract to sell goods, or to provide services, the issue from the perspective of the seller is how to protect itself going forward. Is an administrative expense claim for the provision of post-petition trade credit a sufficient protection? Experience tells us that debtors sometimes do not pay their post-petition administrative obligations. Vendors may prefer cash on delivery or payment in advance of delivery. How, or rather why, would and could such a unilateral change in the contract be effectuated post-petition?
The Article 8 Opt In
The Article 8 opt-in election adds an additional layer of complexity to the already labyrinthine rules governing perfection of security interests under the UCC. A lender that is unaware of the nuances created by the opt in (may find its security interest vulnerable to being primed by another party that has taken steps to perfect in a superior manner under the circumstances.
Major Differences In UK, U.S. Copyright Laws
This article highlights how copyright law in the United Kingdom differs from U.S. copyright law, and points out differences that may be crucial to entertainment and media businesses familiar with U.S law that are interested in operating in the United Kingdom or under UK law. The article also briefly addresses contrasts in UK and U.S. trademark law.
Warehouse Liability: Know Before You Stow!
As consumers continue to shift purchasing and consumption habits in the aftermath of the pandemic, manufacturers are increasingly reliant on third-party logistics and warehousing to ensure their products timely reach the market.
Strategy vs. Tactics: Two Sides of a Difficult Coin
With each successive large-scale cyber attack, it is slowly becoming clear that ransomware attacks are targeting the critical infrastructure of the most powerful country on the planet. Understanding the strategy, and tactics of our opponents, as well as the strategy and the tactics we implement as a response are vital to victory.
Legal Possession: What Does It Mean?
Possession of real property is a matter of physical fact. Having the right or legal entitlement to possession is not "possession," possession is "the fact of having or holding property in one's power." That power means having physical dominion and control over the property.