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Navigating Your Lease Through a Sea of Liens

By Francis X. Nolan, III and Marjorie F. Krumholz

Equipment lenders and lessors face specialized issues when the asset is a vessel. How is the lender secured in its collateral? Can a lessor be secured in a vessel titled in lessor's name? How does a lessor perfect its security interest in the vessel? Where does the lessor stand in relation to competing creditors? This article addresses these questions within the U.S. legal system and describes proposed legislation to expand opportunities for lease financing of vessels.

Creditors who rely on vessels to secure debt must be concerned with the legal environment in which the vessels operate. For centuries, if not millennia, a vessel has been regarded as a separate legal entity apart from its owner. The vessel can incur debts and obligations independent of its owner. In the United States, when a supplier provides fuel (known as 'bunkers') to a vessel, the vessel itself is liable for payment. By operation of U.S. admiralty law, the supplier has a maritime lien against the vessel to secure payment. The same is true for repair yards, stevedores, the master and crew, and other providers of goods and services directly to the vessel. If the vessel causes harm, the injured party may have a maritime tort lien against the vessel to secure its claim. A maritime lien claimant may bring an action against the vessel without suing or even bringing a claim against the owner. Modern federal law has long incorporated, and often refined, these historic maritime lien concepts. Today they are reflected in the provisions of 46 U.S.C. Chapter 313 and an extensive body of U.S. case law.

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