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Fair Value Accounting: Insights and Issues

By Vijay Sampath and Jamal Ahmad
December 19, 2008

Fair value accounting ' sometimes used interchangeably with mark-to-market accounting ' has been criticized in some quarters as being the main cause of the current credit market turmoil. Proponents of this viewpoint contend that accounting rules were interpreted to mean that entities were required to value certain assets and liabilities, particularly marketable securities (e.g., mortgage-backed securities), at market values despite the fact that those values were established by distressed or fire-sale transactions. Such valuations, these proponents argue, resulted in these securities being written down inappropriately in financial statements significantly below their intrinsic values thereby overstating the losses incurred. These write-downs severely eroded capital in financial services companies, thus curtailing their ability to operate and lend.

To establish context, entities, particularly financial institutions, have recognized significant losses in their financial statements in 2007 and 2008 with respect to fair value write-downs. One estimate put the cumulative losses incurred by financial institutions through the third quarter of 2008 at an amount in excess of $600 billion.

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