Second Circuit Sets Up Seven-Factor Test for Third-Party Releases In Bankruptcy Cases

The legality of third-party releases is an important issue that has divided the courts of appeals, with the Second Circuit having approved some in contexts different from this case. There is much to debate about whether the very detailed Bankruptcy Code allows releases of the kind that the Sacklers insist that they be given as a condition of making their contribution, but I will pass on that question now and instead focus on the Second Circuit's obvious concern that releases not be given as a matter of course. To set up that guardrail, the court announced a seven-factor test that must be applied to determine whether a release is authorized.

Before I examine that test to assess how much, if at all, it limits nondebtor releases, two points should be noted. First, none of the seven factors has any statutory basis in the Bankruptcy Code; they are all equitable considerations taken from other cases. By contrast, 11 U.S.C. §524(g), which specifically provides for the kind of relief that the Sacklers sought, has seven subsections, most of which contain multiple subparts. Second, there is no ranking among the factors or any rule on what to do when they do not all point in one direction. After that review, I will return to the basic question of whether such releases are permitted at all, taking into account the court's conclusion that some limits are essential, although not found anywhere in the code.