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Ever since the Medici family of Florence popularized the use of written documents to facilitate trade between city states and nations in the 15th century, letters of credit and their progeny, bills of lading, warehouse receipts and similar instruments of title, have consisted of written documents. Commercially effective and reasonably efficient for hundreds of years, letters of credit and documents of title in tangible form have become increasingly outmoded because of economic and temporal constraints. A recent article in <i>The Wall Street Journal</i> estimated that at least 5% of the cost of all international trade transactions was attributable solely to the cost of documentation [Gabriel Kahn, "Financing Goes Just-in-Time," <i>The Wall Street Journal,</i> June 4, 2004, Section A, p. 10]. With the growth of international trade and the relocation of manufacturing from industrialized nations to countries with cheaper labor costs, international shipments have increased dramatically as cost-conscious businesses search for increased efficiency. The historic standard of a 2-week turnaround for a written letter of credit for a secured bill of lading transaction and the cost of associated paperwork have created a need for a cheaper, faster system. Not surprisingly, merchants have found opportunities to use the Internet and other electronic arrangements to help solve this problem. This article will describe some of the alternative electronic bill of lading arrangements that have arisen since the 1990s for shipping goods internationally and the impetus that their spread provided to a Uniform Commercial Code working group that responded by overhauling and updating Article 7 to make it more reflective of modern trade practice.

Of the many hats worn by leasing attorneys, one is of the bankruptcy practitioner. It is a skill set that usually comes into play at the end of a transaction gone bad. This two-part series outlines the case for ending this practice and having bankruptcy counsel get involved in lease deals from the outset.

Parties to commercial leases often have opportunities to exercise rights that they have bargained for in the lease negotiation process. Those rights may be held by both the landlord or the tenant and may relate to the termination of the lease, the renewal or extension of the lease term, the right to expand or contract the premises, the right to reduce rent, the right to relocate the tenant to other premises or whatever the needs and creativity of the parties may have caused them to negotiate. Typically, these rights are important to the operation of the business of the landlord or the tenant, and the lease document requires that a right be exercised by giving notice in a certain manner and by a certain date. If the notice is not timely and properly given, the right may be lost.

Whether you work for a national retail chain or a local retail tenant, you should consider periodically performing lease audits to determine what type of short-term and long-term strategies to implement in an effort to keep your business viable. A lease audit that reviews and identifies risks and liabilities will assist you in developing and/or fine-tuning a business strategy that benefits your company.

Highlights of the latest commercial leasing cases from around the country.

Much ink, thought, and aggravation have gone into crafting carve-outs to a tenant's obligation to pay its proportionate share of operating expenses. Depending on the relative leverage of the parties in the deal, the tenant may get significant concessions from the landlord, including carve-outs for capital items and other potentially costly expenditures.

Aside from payroll, real estate costs are a large law firm's most significant expense. Even under the best circumstances, such expenditures &mdash; sometimes called occupancy costs &mdash; consume 8% to 10% of the typical large firm's annual revenue. These costs are not confined to rent; many firms finance millions of dollars worth of expenses associated with the construction of their space.

The latest cases for your review.

We've covered the CAN SPAM Act fairly extensively from a "what is it" type of perspective. In this article, Board of Editors member Jonathan Bick provides some practical advice on how to advise those clients who want to send marketing e-mails lawfully (it just doesn't seem right to say "spam lawfully.

The distinction between recourse to Chapter 11 protection as a legitimate means to maximize the value of a company's assets and/or to restructure its financially troubled yet otherwise viable operations, on the one hand, and clear bankruptcy abuse, on the other, is sometimes murky. A court called upon to make such a distinction is obliged to "get into the debtor's head" and investigate the board's motives for commencing a bankruptcy case and, in some cases, to decide whether the debtor's otherwise permissible use of the powerful provisions of federal bankruptcy law is impermissible because the debtor's motives are antithetical to the basic purposes of bankruptcy.