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The Implied Covenant of Good Faith and Fair Dealing under U.S. Law

By Beata Krakus
February 28, 2014

It is a truth universally acknowledged that even the most well-written agreement never covers all potential issues that may arise in the future, and that when the rubber hits the road, the parties to the agreement never interpret its terms the same way. Agreement terms that seemed clear and sufficient to the parties at a time when they were both excited about entering into business with each other look significantly different after some major change or shift in circumstances. When circumstances change, the parties often find that the agreement does not cover the exact situation they are now facing. Instead, depending on how their contract is interpreted, one of the parties may be able to take advantage of the contractual silence or ambiguity and act in a way that causes detriment to the other.

How to handle the silent or ambiguous contract is a universal dilemma. Each legal system approaches the issue somewhat differently, but generally there are two approaches. One is to simply disregard the issue and stick to the express terms of the agreement. With this approach, the parties only have to follow the express agreement and are otherwise free to act as they wish, independent of the consequences of their action to the other party. If their agreement did not document or foresee a situation, they are each free to act in a way they believe is in their own best interest (provided, however, that statutory law may provide gap-filler provisions).

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